H.N. Du, C.Y. Li, Y. Liang and Z.-S. Wu *

Journal of Energy Chemistry, 2025, Accepted.

Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) is an essential environmentally friendly oxidant with a wide range of applications. Compared with traditional anthraquinone processes, the electrochemical synthesis of H₂O₂ via the two-electron oxygen reduction reaction and two-electron water oxidation reaction offers a more promising and sustainable alternative. Carbon-based electrocatalysts playing a crucial role in these processes owing to their abundance and facile functionalization. This review focuses on the strategic design of carbon-based electrocatalysts to enhance H₂O₂ production. We begin by highlighting the significance of H₂O₂ and the fundamental mechanisms of electrochemical process. Subsequently, we present a detailed analysis of key factors affecting catalytic performance, concentrating electronic structure and geometric structure regulation as primary catalyst design approaches to improve H₂O₂ production. Interface engineering and pH effects are also emphasized for their crucial roles. Finally, the major challenges and prospects for advancing H₂O₂ production towards practical applications are discussed.