J.X. Ma, P. Das and Z.-S. Wu *

The Innovation, 2025, accepted.

The distinctive architecture of PMESDs introduces new and advanced ion electromigration mechanisms, characterized by horizontal and multi-directional ion transport, alongside enhanced interface coupling. These unique attributes facilitate high-rate, highly integrated energy storage capabilities, surpassing the limitations of conventional architectures. Leveraging the intrinsic advantages of microscale energy storage, customizable, integrated, and flexible micro-systems can be realized through holistic system-level optimization. This approach not only refines the design paradigm of next-generation PMESDs but also establishes a robust foundation for their deployment across diverse AI-driven electronics, including the IoT, flexible electronics, implantable medical devices, and bionic technologies.